Case Assignment for Opt-e-Scrip Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Case Assignment for Opt-e-Scrip - Essay Example 1) Pharmaceutical companies: they want drugs to be rolled out in market with a big bang. They want huge marketing campaigns to surround the drug in order for it to be profitable. Nothing wrong in it, but with serious doubts on drug efficacy and serious issue of low drug response makes the prices of branded drugs unjustified. Companies will want to see this product sidelined as this poses a serious threat to their business plans. 2) Wholesalers: they are not so concerned with OES products and not directly affected. But if our products go global and create a wide spread impact even the wholesalers will be affected as majority of its business comes from selling high priced branded drugs. 3) Pharmacy Benefit Managers (PBM): they are the ones who will be certainly affected by OES products. They are the ones who list down the products under the benefit plan and hence the pharma co. gets business. They also get commission and under the table benefits in cash and kind for including costly br anded drugs. PBM might not want our drug to go global. Only 4 PBMs control more than 50% of drug market which means they have an immense power over the drug industry, its prices and policies. 4) Retail pharmacies: their involvement in the whole drug distribution market was important but the effect of OES will not be as intense. They sell generic and branded products and rely upon their margins and some incentives of selling branded drugs. If they are not able to sell a lot of branded products, they can diversify and sell many other related products. Only the large retails pharmacy chains which are also PBMs might be affected by PMT. 5) Health insurance carriers: many are a part of PBM or outsourced to them and few have their own PBM service in-house. They work in very close coordination with PBMs. It is good for health insurance companies to actually see OES products do well so that it saves on the payouts to people who claim benefit from them. If we try to seek their support for OE S and keep them as confederates it will help us. 6) Employers: one leads to another, a cascading effect where employers and payers can play a big role. Employer can use health insurers who use such PBMs who support our products and hence create a win win for overall benefit of society. 7) Physicians: they are one of the key. Though the plan surrounding them failed once, OES should not be let down by it. There is scope to win their support and make OES products a hit. 8) Consumers: they are the one who are the key beneficiaries of the whole OES campaign to introduce PMT. If a wide spread public support is seeked it will help OES reinforce the concept for the drug industry. Analysis of Industry The industry is more complex than it appears. You are the best person to realize this fact and know first hand how tough it was to introduce this revolutionary product in drug market. As shown in the Appendix: The pharmaceutical drug market, physical drug distribution and benefit distribution a re two interconnected channels which operate in the country. OES should consciously target the benefit distribution because that is where the key critical decisions are taken which impacts the cost of drug delivery to the end user. This is where the decision of inclusion and non inclusion of branded patented drugs vs. generic drug is taken. Pharmaceutical industries are using three distinct strategies to

Melting Pot versus Cultural Mosaic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Melting Pot versus Cultural Mosaic - Essay Example Those who adhere to a melting pot theory tend to be more traditional and/or conservative in nature. They see â€Å"America† as a white, English-speaking country in which minorities need to arrive and assimilate in a few years as possible. The multiculturalists tend to be left-leaning and seek to enable immigrants to maintain their own cultures while attempting to become American.The advantage of the melting pot theory is that it reflects what has largely happened to most immigrant groups in America. Thus the Italians, the Irish, the Eastern Europeans, and the Asians arrived at various times in American history and tended to adapt to the culture quickly. They learned English quickly and took on many of the characteristics of what it meant to â€Å"be American† at the specific time that they arrived. The melting pot is what actually happened. One of the disadvantages of the melting pot theory is that it reflects the situation in the past rather than the present. The same principles do not necessarily apply within the 21st Century that did in the 20th and 19th.   Also, the melting pot may be regarded as obliquely racist, requiring all immigrants to take on the characteristics of the dominant white European society.The advantage of the multicultural theory is that it allows for immigrants to maintain as much of their original identity as possible while becoming American. This enables the group to be stronger. One of the disadvantages of this theory is that there are virtually no examples of it having successfully occurred anywhere in the world in general, or within America in particular. A truly multicultural society would be perhaps hopelessly complicated. Unless the USA become like Switzerland, with many people speaking two or three languages it seems necessary for there to be one common language in order for the country to be successful. For a country to have a national identity its citizens need to be able to talk to one another. If they cannot, or if they maintain too much of a separate identity based upon their origins then the country may eventually split apart. This does not only happen in poor, chaotically run Third World countries: it is also happening in Canada with Quebec wanting to break away and become independent, largely because its people speak French and the rest of Canada speaks English.

The Problems With Ship Breaking In Bangladesh Environmental Sciences Essay

The Problems With Ship Breaking In Bangladesh Environmental Sciences Essay Introduction Environmental degradation and depletion of resources are alarmingly increasing in developing countries due to lack effective legislations, non-compliance of international standards in ship breaking process. It is manifested mainly by pollution, deforestation, destruction of wetlands, depletion of soil nutrients, etc. In Bangladesh, both rapid population growth and a degraded environment create serious threats to the economic development. This leads to other serious problems such as poverty, malnutrition and illiteracy. Since the majority of people in Bangladesh derive their livelihoods from the use and extraction of all types of resources, the living condition in Bangladesh, especially of the poor, becomes extremely vulnerable to environmental damage  [1]  .  The instant paper is directed to scan the relevant literatures on the impact of ship breaking in Bangladesh and also to put forward some proposals to be undertaken to this end. Super tankers and giant cargo ships are the backbone of our global consumer society. Hundreds of meters long, ferrying millions of tons of goods across the globe, the perpendicular size of these immense vessels is awe inspiring. Even when these ships are not seaworthy anymore, and repairs are not inexpensively viable, the raw material it is constructed from has a greater value for other purposes. Construction of one such behemoth is a fascinating feat of engineering, however, the destruction and final resting place of these steel giants is even more intriguing. Ship breaking is the process that dismantles an obsolete vessels structure for scrapping or disposal. Conducted at a pier or dry dock or dismantling ship, it includes a wide range of activities, from removing all gears and equipment to cutting down the ships infrastructure (OSHA, 2001)  [2]  . Ship breaking although is demanding but a very risky process indeed. It involves pollution, environmental hazards, and health issues. Ship breaking was recognized as a highly mechanized task until the 1960s in the industrialized countries like the United States, United Kingdom, Germany and Italy, but as the costs of upholding environmental health and safety standards increased the activity moved towards the poor Asiatic states from the early 1980s. The industry since then took a different approach where the ship owners to maximise profits sent their vessels to the scrap yards of poor South Asian countries like India, Bangladesh and Pakistan where payment, health and safety requirements are minimal and workers are desperate for work. Ship breaking activities in Bangladesh is concentrated on the port city Chittagong on the Bay of Bengal. Ship breaking activities are being practiced in the coastal areas and have gained importance in the macro and micro-economy of poverty stricken Bangladesh. Rising demand of raw materials for re-rolling mills and other purposes has made ship breaking activity as one of the major character in the industrial revolution of Bangladesh. Bangladesh is dependant on its ship breaking industry for its domestic steel requirements, thus making it as one of the major resources for steel. This is why ship breaking industry is not subject to any environmental laws or health and safety regulations for workers in Bangladesh. Even though there is no such law regarding ship breaking and on top of that no one is even concerned about the environmental hazard which is leading the country to an outrageous environmental exposure. After the vessels end their navigability period, the owners send them to the shipyards in Chittagong to recover their valuable steel where about 95% of a vessel is recycled. However, these ships contain hazardous substances such as asbestos, lead paint and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). During scrapping, by manual and basic methods, these toxic substances are released into the atmosphere. This phenomenon produces a strong and considerable contamination of the surrounding environment and lethal diseases into the workers. These activities exemplify both the potentialities and the dangers of an increasingly globalising economy.  [3]   PROBLEMS DUE TO SHIP BREAKING Ships built before the 1980s, contain many deadly materials. Ship breaking activities in Chittagong, Bangladesh pollute the soil, sea and rivers of the surrounding. Local fishing and agriculture as a livelihood are almost impossible over there due to the discharge of this toxic gases and oil pollution in the sea. This erosion of their traditional livelihoods drives more and more impoverished people to the dangerous shipyards. Samples taken from the yard shows contamination with high levels of mineral oil and toxic substances. Discharge of oil to the sea also results physical damage to the birds, mammals and marine organisms and their natural habitats. Wastes like blasting residue and paint chips contaminate the soil and surface water. Improper storage and disposal of scrap metals and wastes also causes lead contamination. Environmentally hazardous fumes evolve when metal and paint is heated during hot work. The pollution is both severe and long-standing. Unlike in Western countries w here there are stringent regulations on hazardous substances and health and safety measure, in Chittagong yard rules and regulations are rarely applied. Laws on health and safety matters although exists but are hardly enforced and moreover even if the law becomes stringent due to corrupt politics the ship owners apply their powers to withdraw the law and orders.  Following a High Court directive, the commerce ministry of Bangladesh incorporated a condition in its Import Policy Order 2009-2012, which said an exporter of a vessel had to submit a pre-cleaning certificate from the country of origin stating the ship was cleaned before exportation but then again the government amended the law allowing the Chittagong ship breaking industry to no longer require the documentation from the selling nations environmental authorities certifying vessels were free of toxic substances.  [4]  Ã‚  The Basel convention and several other international treaties laid down rules and regulations whic h states that ships that are built with deadly toxic substances shall not be exported for recycling unless they are pre-cleaned and has undergone a cleaning test. But in Chittagong ship breaking yard the owners in violation of the law import those toxic vessels without pre-cleaning. As a result of this violation, terrible poisons and toxic gases are released into the environment playing havoc with the health of the people and all living creature in the ecosystem. The workers in Chittagong yard are permanently exposed to toxic substances. They breathe in these toxic fumes and asbestos dust. Not only on the job, but also in the sleeping quarters nearby they inhale these toxic gases. One out of four workers is expected to contract cancer due to workplace poisons. This makes the Chittagong ship breaking industry the most deadly in the world. ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS DUE TO SHIP BREAKING Aside from the health of the yard workers, in recent years, ship breaking has become an issue of major  environmental concern. In addition to steel and other useful materials, however, ships contain many hazardous substances. Many ship breaking yards in developing nations have no  proper enforceable environmental law, enabling large quantities of highly toxic materials to escape into the environment causing serious health problems amongst the labours in the ship breaking yard, the local population and wildlife.  [5]  The hazards are as follows: Hazardous Substances Asbestos fibres, dusts PCBs PVC (combustion products) Heavy and toxic metals(lead, mercury, cadmium, copper, zinc etc. Welding fumes Organometallic substances (tributylin, etc.) Volatile organic compounds (solvents) Lack of hazard communication (storage, labelling, material safety data sheets) Inhalation in confined and enclosed spaces Batteries, fire-fighting liquids Compressed gas cylinders Physical Hazards Noise Vibration Extreme temperatures Poor illumination Biological Hazards Toxic marine organisms Animal bites Risk of communicable diseases transmitted by pests, vermin, rodents, insects and other animals that may infest the ship others) Infectious diseases (TB, malaria, dengue fever, hepatitis, respiratory infections, others) Ergonomic and Psychological Hazards Repetitive strain injuries, awkward postures, repetitive and monotonous work, excessive workload. Mental stress, strained human relations (aggressive behaviour, alcohol and drug abuse, violence) IMPACTS OF SHIP BREAKING DUE TO DISCHARGED POLLUTANTS Most hazardous materials nowadays are restricted or banned today but a ship built about 30 years ago still contains these materials. It also carries hazardous and flammable chemicals used for painting, repair and maintenance, etc. Cables and electrical and other control systems contain hazardous material and emit hazardous gases, if burned. The paint coat, contaminated air, soil and water when torched or scraped, is hazardous for human and the environment. The protection of health and of the workers handling the hazardous waste is of crucial importance.  [6]   Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) POPs are chemicals that are highly toxic, remain intact in the environment for long periods, become widely distributed geographically, bio accumulate through the food web, accumulate in the fatty tissue of living organisms and pose a risk of causing adverse effects to human population, wildlife and the environment.  [7]  This group of priority pollutants consists of pesticides such as DDT, industrial chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and unintentional by-products of industrial processes such as dioxins, furans and orgaotins. POPs are transported across international boundaries far from their sources no matter wherever they are used, even to regions where they have never been used or produced. Due to its emission the ecosystems particularly becomes risky because of the long-range environmental transportation and bio-magnification of these substances. Consequently, POPs pose a threat to the environm ent and to human health all over the globe. Exposure to POPs may cause acute, medium or long-term impacts. It also gives rise to cancer and other related diseases. Chittagong ship breaking industry is a prospective basis of these fatal chemicals of POPs. Asbestos Asbestos is the name given to a group of six different fibrous minerals (Amosite, Chrysotile, Crocidolite, and the fibrous varieties of Tremolite, Actinolite, and Anthophyllite) that occurs naturally in the environment. All forms of asbestos are hazardous, and inhalation of these fibres can cause severe diseases. On the ship breaking beaches of Chittagong, asbestos fibres and flocks fly around in the open air and the labours over there take out asbestos insulation materials with their bare hands without any safety precautions. Workers who repeatedly breathe in asbestos fibres with lengths greater than or equal to 5ÃŽÂ ¼m may develop a slow build-up of a disease called asbestosis. a scar-like tissue in the lungs and in the membrane that surrounds the lungs. This is a serious disease and can eventually lead to disability or death in people exposed to high amounts of asbestos over a long period. Asbestos workers also have increased chances of getting lung cancer as well. Oil Pollution Oil is a highly volatile compound composed of mainly hydrocarbon, sulphur containing compounds etc. Approximately 75% of the constituents of oil are hydrocarbons. As a result ship breaking, oil residues and the other refuses are being spilled and mixed with soil and water in the beach. In Chittagong yard the beach is black due to oil spills, and fishes have already started to disappear as per the researchers report. In freshwater environments, perhaps the most dangerous problem is contamination of drinking water sources. Food sources, such as fish and crustaceans both marine and fresh water, may be tainted and the consumption of tainted food causes human health problems and also loss for export trade in foreign market. Oil pollution also threatens the livelihoods of fisherman. Impact of ship breaking on the surrounding environment and coastal community Toxic oil and metallic substances through intake of affected fish, causes human health hazards. In ship breaking areas various refuse and disposable materials are discharged and spilled from scraped ships and it often gets mixed with the beach soil .The scrap from the ships is staked haphazardly on the sea shore, leaving behind an accumulation of metal fragments and rust in the soil. These together with extensive human and mechanical activities often go on as routine work for the scrapping of ships in that area as a result the beach soil loses its binding properties and this accelerate the rate and the amount of shore erosion and increase the turbidity of sea water of the surrounding area. Disruption of bio-diversity in the long run may also destroy the suitability of human settlement. During the breaking period accidental death sometimes occurs. Due to lack of proper sanitation and drinking water workers suffer from water borne diseases. As the sound pollution is a regular phenomenon during dismantling, inhabitants of the adjacent areas live in a painful situation .The poor coastal community get a variety of employment opportunities in the industry and it turns into a way of livelihood to them. On the other hand social crime, abuse of drugs and illegal activities increases due to ship breaking activities in that area. As the commercially important species are replaced by low priced species and scarcity of fish, many coastal fishermen are leaving their hereditary profession and moving around everyday as environmental refugees in a state of under employment and poverty to unemployment and grim poverty. SHIP BREAKING AND INTERNATIONAL LAW The Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent (PIC) (1998) PIC is internationally applied to the trans-boundary movement of hazardous waste. The Rotterdam Convention, subjects to the Prior Informed Consent procedure for 30 hazardous pesticides and 11 industrial chemicals such as chlordane, chlordimeform, chlorobenzilate, Asbestos, PBBs, PCBs etc. Most of these hazardous substances are present in ships that were built 20 to 30 years back. Countries lacking adequate infrastructure to monitor the import and use of such hazardous substances were in violence of the law. In terms of ship breaking, owners have to make a declaration of hazardous substances on board, on arrival at the yard for dismantling. However, PIC by itself is not sufficient to stop unsafe scrapping. What is needed is that the country from which the toxic ship arrives needs to notify the importing country. The importing country can then take measures for the adequate treatment of these hazardous substances. But unfortunately in the case of Chittagong ship yard it is often seen that end of life vessels have been exported without the importing authorities being alerted. The Basel Convention Articles 4 and 6 of the Basel Convention impose strict conditions that go further than the PIC convention on the trans-boundary movement of hazardous wastes. It imposes an obligation of due diligence, on all ship owners. All parties are required to provide information about a proposed trans-boundary movement of hazardous wastes, to the countries concerned. Three elements must be proved for the violation of the Basel Convention to the issue of ship breaking: (i) Proof that the waste will not be properly dealt with by the ship breaking country. (ii) The legal recognition that ships are waste. (iii) An established intention to discardby the owner of the ship.  [8]  This convention is very much applicable to the Chittagong yard but unfortunately they are hardly followed by both importing and exporting parties of the yard.  [9]   United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) UNEP is responsible for the implementation of the Basel Convention. It is currently drafting guidelines on the environmentally sound management for the full and partial dismantling of ships, in order to provide recommendations on procedures and practices to be implemented to attain Environmental Sound Management (ESM) in ship breaking yards. International labour Organization (ILO) The International Labour Organization (ILO) is the UN specialized agency which seeks the promotion of social justice and internationally recognized human and labour rights. The guidelines suggest a national framework defining the general responsibilities and rights for employers, workers and regulatory authorities in ship breaking. In addition, the guidelines also provides recommendations on safe ship breaking operations including the management of hazardous substances, protection and preventative measures for workers against hazards and suggestions for a competency based training program. The ILO approach is to facilitate step-by-step improvements to the practice of dismantling ships on beaches. If these approaches are applied, the Chittagong ship breaking yard will reach a satisfactory quality.  [10]  The ILO guideline suggests the: Ensuring there is an inventory of hazardous materials on board; Decontamination and gas-freeing; Planning for safe demolition; Recycling and; Safe waste management. The International Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) MARPOL is a combination of two treaties adopted in 1973 and 1978 respectively and updated by amendments through the years. It is the main international convention covering prevention of pollution of the marine environment by ships from operational or accidental causes. In the issue of ship breaking MARPOL would apply to the discharges that occur from ships sent for ship breaking, which take place within the territorial waters of the ship breaking country. Practically this means that once the ship is delivered to a ship breaking yard any discharge, notably of oil or oily mixtures will be prohibited under this convention. Such oily wastes must be retained on board or discharged to reception facilities in port.  [11]   International Maritime Organization (IMO) In December 2003, the IMO issued a document entitled Guidelines on Ship Recycling. The Guideline is urbanized to give advice to all relevant stakeholders in the recycling process. The Guidelines suggest practical measures for all stages of the ship recycling process. They are: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ New ship and equipment design, in particular to minimize the use to hazardous substances and waste generation as well as to facilitate recycling and the removal of hazardous materials; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Preparation of a Green Passport for new and existing ships; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Selection of a recycling facility and preparation of a ship for recycling including a ship Recycling Plan and;   à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Roles for primary stakeholders including flag, port and recycling states, the Basel Convention, the ILO and the shipping industry. The Guidelines seeks to give confidence to recycling as the best means of ship disposal. In general, the Guidelines take the view that the responsibility for environment and worker protection in ship recycling facilities must respite with the recycling feature itself and with the regulatory authorities of the country in which it operates. Nevertheless, it is noted that ship owners and other stakeholders also have a responsibility to address the issues involved. The International Chamber of Shipping (ICS) The aim of ICS is to encourage high standards of operation and the provision of high quality and efficient shipping services. It also strives for a regulatory environment which supports safe shipping operations, protection of the environment and adherence to internationally adopted standards and procedures regarding ship breaking. ICS also promotes properly considered international regulation of shipping and oppose unilateral and regional action by governments. ICS took the initiative to establish an Industry Working Party on Ship Recycling (IWPSR) on the 23rd of February 1999. The IWPSR established an Industry Code of Practice on ship recycling in August 2001. This Code of Practice is the basis for the IMOs own guidelines. It is aimed at the ship owners, and encourages for the present shipping companies to initiate and complete a programme to identify and record, as far as is practicable, on each of their existing ships, any potentially hazardous material, as well as to make every e ffort to minimize the amount of potentially hazardous materials on board of the ship and while recycling of ships. Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) The Stockholm Convention (Article 3.2) restricts the import and export of POPs to cases where, for example, the purpose is environmentally sound disposal. It also requires that POPs may not be transported across international boundaries without taking into account relevant international rules, standards and guidelines (Article6.1). The Stockholm Convention requires Parties to take measures to reduce or eliminate releases of POPs from intentional production and use (Article 3), unintentional production (Article 5) and stockpiles and wastes (Article 6). Concepts of Best Available Techniques (BAT) and Best Environmental Practices (BEP) are to be further elaborated by the Conference of the Parties. Bangladesh being a signatory government of the convention must take measures to eliminate or reduce the release of POPs into the environment in the Chittagong ship breaking yard.  [12]   The Universal Declaration of Human Rights The issue of human rights in ship breaking yards came to the attention of the international community in the 1990s through the concerted actions of different non-governmental organizations, above all Greenpeace, trade unions such as the International Transport Workers Federation and the International Metalworkers Federation, and intergovernmental bodies, such as the International Labour Organization. The awful working conditions and the dangers to the health and safety of the workers, publicized by several investigative media reports, led to a public outcry, which in turn generated an international mobilization on the issue.  [13]   SOLUTIONS FOR A SAFER ENVIRONMENT Abide by the law All the international treaties and the international UN bodies must together act against unacceptable ship breaking practices. The yard owners and the workers must have the appropriate knowledge regarding the law, health and safety issues and they also have to be encouraged to abide by the law as requires. The government must take reasonable steps to make the law obligatory to abide by on the ship breaking yards. Stop dumping toxic ships The shipping industry is responsible for its own vessels. They should take immediate measures to prevent pollution of the environment and protect the workers that dismantle their ships. They can do that by decontaminating and gas-freeing their ship-for-scrap before export to developing countries.  [14]   Gas Free Certificates No ship recycling facility shall undertake any cutting or dismantling activity onboard a vessel until a ship has been tested for flammability and a Gas-Free for hot works certificate granted. This test must take place at the ship recycling facility just prior to any cutting or dismantling taking place. Prevent pollution The shipping industry is responsible for its own vessels. They should take immediate measures to prevent pollution of the environment and protect the workers that dismantle their ships. They can do that by decontaminating and degassing their ship-for-scrap before export to Asia. Governments Role The government of Bangladesh should formulate and implement a national policy and principles for safe and sustainable ship breaking after having consultation with relevant organizations, employers and workers. They should also include this sector under the ministry of industry defined by the Factory Act, 1965 and formulate a policy so that, workers rights and welfare; occupational safety health (OHP) could be ensured and it could be eco-friendly as well. Usage of Technological Renovation Ship-owners should gradually make their vessels cleaner by the usage of better technology machineries during the recycling process. They should provide their workers with more and more safe and precautionary machineries that do not risk the workers life. During maintenance and survey stops, hazardous materials should be replaced with clean alternatives. In addition, ship-owners should, together with shipbuilders and classification societies, commit to the development of clean ships to avoid future disposal problems.  [15]   CONCLUSION Though in Bangladesh, ship breaking is now considered as a formal industry by law but the activities in real are not at all formalized yet. There is no enforcement of the labour laws, no legal binding framework to ensure Bangladesh comply with international human rights and environmental commitments. Above all, there are no consolidated policies or strategies or guidelines in Bangladesh for ship dismantling and there is a serious lack of communication between the responsible Ministries. According to several researchers the whole coastal area in Chittagong is in high risk by pollution generated from the ship breaking activities. Toxic chemicals and hazardous materials are not managed in an environmentally sound way; the beach is black due to oil spills, and fishes have started to disappear. Also the ship breaking activities has impact on the human health, directly to the workers; it has impacts on the food chain, on physiochemical properties of seawater, inter tidal sediments and soil and above all the on the biodiversity . As Bangladesh is one of the largest countries in respect of ship breaking activities, the subsequent impact on the environment and violation of human rights in the ship breaking yards drew the attention of different concerned bodies around the world as well as within Bangladesh in recent years. If the ship breaking industry is to bring development in the country, the same shall also be applied to ensure minimization of pollution effect. A longer stretch along the seashore is in no way justified for continuation of this business. Rather a certain separate zone like a dockyard should be selected by the competent authority to be undertaken at the right time, before it is too late. Considering the vital role of ship breaking in national economy ship breaking can not be stopped. Rather a sustainable approach should be taken to minimize the negative consequences of ship breaking activities in our coastal zone.

Essay --

In his writings, Max Weber brought into focus the increasing tension between modern salvation religions and secular spheres ranging from the economic and political to the esthetic. Weber argued that divergent perspectives on religious â€Å"brotherliness† bred a tension with autonomous secular spheres and also suggested compromise between spheres in an absolute sense would be impossible but was necessary and pervasive given the state of humanity in the modern world. It is necessary first to establish how Weber distinguished these redemption religions from others and established them as an ideal type. Fundamentally, â€Å"the rational aim of redemption religion has been to secure for the saved a holy state, and thereby a habitude that assures salvation† (Religious Rejections, p. 327). This metaphysical holy state away from suffering, as characterized by Weber, is unique in its permanence. Weber acknowledged that other behaviors, outside salvation religion, were capable of providing such a state for a temporary period but could not promise eternal salvation. These other behaviors came into conflict with religion as providing alternative, albeit transitory pathways to inner-worldly salvation for the individual. A distinction is also made between salvation religion and â€Å"magic religiosity or for the religion of functional deities† (Religious Rejections, p. 333). In such systems, the various gods were conceived to overlap with wor ldly norms and behaviors. In essence, just as humans interacted on earth, deities representing war, agricultural production, commerce and countless other domains of human life were said also to be interacting and competing. In such systems, gods functioned as little more than a mechanism for explaining and, in a sense,... ...pes, such compromise between economic and religious spheres would seem to be irresoluble. Viewed through the lens of modern humanity and practicality, however, such a compromise is almost logical as a means for religion to cement its own social status, and thus its popular efficacy as a mechanism for salvation. The relationship between the esthetic sphere and religion provides yet another contrasting image of ideal types and of reality. Like the threats to religion posed by politics and economics, the inner-worldly salvation of art should seem to be â€Å"in a realm of irresponsible indulgence and secret lovelessness.†(Religious Rejections, p. 342) As ideal types, the world-denying salvation of religion and transient inner-worldly salvation of art could not coexist. Once form and not religious meaning became the reason for appreciation of art, religion and art became

Research method paper: impact of tourism on local communities Essay

Impact of Ecotourism on Local Communities Table of Contents Table of Figures Section1: Introduction With the main objective of promoting responsible travel to natural areas, the well-being of communities and the environmental conservation, ecotourism is presented as an alternative type of tourism which is growing incredibly fast (Scheyvens, 1999). One of the objectives of ecotourism is to bring benefits to local communities. The important relationship between ecotourism and local communities could be explained by the fact that traditional homelands of indigenous people are usually the most natural and least developed areas of the world (Coria & Calfucura, 2012) The paper is first reviewing the different impacts that ecotourism can have on local communities. The development of ecotourism can have an important economic impact and can generate income, employment and business opportunities (Yacob, Shuib, & Radam, 2008). Thus, several developing countries have adopted ecotourism with the hope to improve their economy in an environmentally sustainable manner (Coria & Calfucura, 2012). In the second part, a deep analysis of the methodology of three articles about the impact of ecotourism on local communities has been done. The analysis shows both strengths and weaknesses of each types of methodologies that were used and help then to determine which one would be the most suitable when writing an undergraduate dissertation with similar aim. Concerning the methodology that was used for this project, the information was mainly taken from university databases, academic journals and reports as well as the research methods books to help the analyze of the methodologies. Section 2: Literature Review Ecotourism is being proposed as a strategy that will help to resolve social  and economic issues encountered by local communities, and as an adequate and effective way of of conserving the environment (Garrod, 2003). Thus, this concept has been adopted by many developing countries with the hope that it will bring them economic benefits (Coria & Calfucura, 2012). However, several authors wondered whether local communities are really beneficiating from those benefits (Jones, 2005). Sheyvens (1999) also agree on the fact that to ensure the process of ecotourism will be a success only if they are sharing the benefits of it. The reasons why local communities should consider the ecotourism include becoming aware of natural attractions value, understanding the necessity for sustainable tourism and the environment conservation. Also, several benefits should be taken into consideration such as the additional revenues that it could generate for any local types of business as well as the incr ease in employment opportunities and the enhancement of their culture. Unfortunately, even though ecotourism is bringing benefits, some drawbacks have to be taken into consideration. For instance, host communities do not participate a lot in decision making; they are also sometimes exploited for the resources without receiving any benefits, it can damage their community cohesion and the rapid tourism growth can precipitate important socio-cultural changes (Wearing & Neil, 2009). Belsky truly encourages local community to participate into conservation and ecotourism but he mentions that they will not do so unless communities benefit from tourism (as cited in Stronza & Gordillo, 2008). Ecotourism is certainly bringing many economic benefits but is also improving many different aspects of the communities’ livelihood. Garrod (2003) explains that by involving them in the ecotourism project, they will obtain bigger control over their resources and over the decisions concerning the use of such resources that affect the way they live. However, some negative aspects of ecotourism should be considered. Only few local communities, engaged in ecotourism or really clos e to tourism operations and preserved areas, have realized real benefits from it. Several tour operators have been unenthusiastic with the fact that they had to share the possible returns with local communities (Stronza & Gordillo, 2008). In the same way, Lima and d’Hauteserre (2011) stated that tour operators do not help the communities in the way they should. Also, even though ecotourism is generating new revenues, it is increasing the gap between the richer and the  poorer. Earnings are most of the time unequal and conflicts are emerging which are breaking the social cohesion of local communities. Information retrieved from different interviews, it appeared clearly that the profits received were not sufficient and could not support everyone (Stronza & Gordillo, 2008). Retrieved from other interviews with other communities, the same idea was shared concerning the fact that economic benefits could generate new conflicts within the community such as disputes between the members, misunderstanding concerning the revenues distribution and tasks allocations, which could then lead to a more important problem if people do not collaborate a right way (Lima & d’ Hauteserre, 2011) Some of the interviewees testified that ecotourism was not the solution to fix economic issues but agreed on the fact that it could bring more opportunities such as establishing a good network, developing new skills and better self-esteem (Stronza & Gordillo, 2008). Locals seem to become more aware of their own culture through the relation established between tourists and outsiders and this seems to increase the community self-esteem and beliefs (Lima & d’ Hauteserre, 2011). According to Jones, when local communities are completely involved in the ecotourism process, being directly engaged in decision making and working independently with management tasks, they become aware of the fact that new skills are required. Therefore, many people attended training sessions, sometimes organized by the government or associations. This helps them to face new realities and new habits (Lima & d’ Hauteserre, 2011). Also, ecotourism can have an impact on locals that are not directly working into the ecotourism sector. For instance, the presentation of handicrafts, folklore, tales and basically the presentation of their culture appear to reduce the inferiority feelings that some local people could feel. It also enhances their identity and they become more aware of their culture leading to a better self-esteem (Lima & d’ Hauteserre, 2011). Thus, even if ecotourism could appear is an ideal alternative type of tourism that will help to address economic and social issues toward local communities, some negative aspects should not be neglected. To make sure that the process is working perfectly, improvements need to be done. Also, local communities should not be exploited and should receive the benefits of their involvement (Wearing & Neil, 2009). Section 3: Comparison of methodologies In this section, methodologies of three different articles used in the previous literature will be analyzed and compared taking into account their strengths and weaknesses and more specifically their validity, reliability and truthfulness. The three articles that will be compared are: â€Å"Community views of ecotourism† by Stronza, â€Å"Ecotourism impacts in the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica† by Almeyda, Broadbent, Wyman, and Durham, and â€Å"Community capitals and ecotourism for enhancing Amazonian forest livelihoods† by Lima and d’Hauteserre. All three articles are talking about the impact of ecotourism on local communities but they however differ by the method they used to obtain their information. To do a better comparison of the methodologies, the book â€Å"Research Methods For Business Students† wrteen by Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill was really useful. 1. Stronza, 2008 â€Å"Community views of ecotourism†. 2. Almeyda, Broadbent, Wyman, and Durham, 2010 â€Å"Ecotourism impacts in the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica†- 3. Lima, d’Hauteserre, 2011, â€Å"Community capitals and ecotourism for enhancing Amazonian forest livelihoods† Method and approach used Quantitative and qualitative approach Use of secondary data In depth interviews with local households Semi structured interviews with community leaders Qualitative approach, use of primary data Deductive approach (but inductive at some points) In depth surveys, semi structured interviews Qualitative approach: use of secondary and primary data. Mix of inductive and deductive approach Structured participant Observations In-depth and semi-structured interviews Aim and objectives of the article Give an overview of what host communities think of the impact of ecotourism Determine the effects of the Punta Islita eco-lodge on the Nicoya Peninsula in Costa Rica. Investigate how ecotourism development enhances existing capital at community level. Location Amazone region: Bolivia Peru Ecuador Nicoya Peninsula in Costa Rica Brazil, Amazonia: Maripa Maguari Jamaraqua Time Period The study was done during six months in 2003 and consisted of three five-days workshop. 2008 (time of publication) 2010 Three months fieldwork 2012 Sample Purposive sampling 164 households (62 from Peru,67 from Bolivia, 35 from Ecuador,represented 45%, 55% and 7% of the communities population.) One community leader from each commnity Purposive sample with 63 households within 45 had at least a member employed in the lodge and 17 not employed by tourism industry but still receiving revenue from it Random sampling for employees in depth surveys 39 tourists filled out self-administered questionnaires 27 community inhabitants 42 local stakeholders (10 people from tour operators, 10 frim NGOs and 22 people from government environmental agencies Interview framework Semi-structured interview of 2-3 hours Open ended In depth interviews with households Semi structured interviews with community leaders and self administred questionnaire for hotel guests In depth questionnaire –based surveys Not specified with who they did each types of interview Limitations Benefits and indicators of success in each site were determined by emic, or subjective rather than etic. This research may reflect a situation that might change Sample size Sources Stronza, 2008 Almeyda, Broadbent, Wyman, and Durham, 2010 Coria and Calfucura, 2012 Table Comparison of methodology The first article written by Stronza, is giving an interesting approach as an overview of the topic is first given to describe ecotourism in general as well as the possible benefits it could bring to local communities. The author then relied on a study done 5 years before which had for goals to hear the community’s opinion which used in depth interview with local households and semi structured with community leaders during workshops. As the study was done in different countries which are Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador it allows readers to think at a big scale and it is probably more reliable than a study done only in one specific area. A possible weakness would be that, as in-depth interviews are used, even though interviewers have some key questions that they need to cover, their use will depend from one interview to another interview. Concerning the second article written by Almeyda, Broadbent, Wyman, and Durham, it is mostly based on the collection of primary data with surveys, interviews and questionnaires that they conducted themselves in one specific eco-lodge among guests, employees and locals. The weakness of this article, even if none seem to be mentioned in it, is probably the sample size and the fact that the semi structured interviews can lead to data quality issues. Indeed, as it may be hard to standardize the different kind of interviews, this may lead to reliability  problem. Also interviews are reflecting reality at the moment they were collected and therefore the results obtained from those interviews will not be automatically the same in similar interviews will be conducted in the future. In contrast with the first article, this one used mainly primary data whereas the first one used secondary data. Also, in this article, the study was undertaken only in Costa Rica, which was probably the purpose of the writers, but it narrows the research for someone reading the article. Writers could have undertaken their study to another country to compare both analysis. The last article consists of a collection of secondary and primary data, collected through structured participant observations as well as in-depth and semi-structured interviews. The strength of this article is that, as secondary data sources, it provides data that are easy to check. Also, it allows scholars or researchers to save time and effort by providing thoughts of several authors about one specific topic. However, when using secondary data, readers have to be careful that the sources cited in one literature review were not misunderstood by the one writing the literature review and that they are reliable and valid sources. Although, a possible weakness of the last article would be that the case study do not automatically reflect what is happening in other regions. As the study took place in Brazil, it is not a standardized model that could be applicable to another community everywhere else in the world. Also, their sample was really interesting as they interviewed people for NGOs, tour operators and governmental agencies as well as with local people. Thus once the information has been gathered it gave to the readers a better and generalized overview of the ecotourism impact of locals. Structured observations help also to do that but the main issues about it is the question of reliability as the observer must interpret something in a wrong way and therefore the observer should make sure he understood the setting very well before interpreting. Section 4: Selection of Methodology Out of the three articles cited in the above section, the one with the most appropriate methodology for the dissertation of an undergraduate student would be the first one. As previously analyzed, the methodology used in this article proposed first a sort of literature review which seems crucial to  have an overview of the topic and then series of results obtained through in depth interview with local households and semi structured interviews with community leaders. The most interesting thing is that it is representing three different countries which are Peru, Bolivia and Ecuador, that are still close to each other in South America but representing different cultures. By providing both qualitative and quantitative data, it gives the student a better understanding of the topic. However, the sample size was not always appropriate as it was not all the time representing the majority of the population. Special attention should be given to the size of the sampling to make the study reliable. Indeed, if the majority is not represented it can be considered as unreliable. The semi-structured and in-depth interviews are, for an undergraduate student, probably one of the best ways for a better understanding of the topic as they might adapt their questions from interview to interview. It will be really helpful to explore in depth the topic the student might be interested in. References Almeyda, A. M., Broadbent, E. N., Wyman, M. S., & Durham, W. H. (2010). Ecotourism impacts in the Nicoya Peninsula, Costa Rica. International Journal of Tourism Research, 12(6), 803–819. doi:10.1002/jtr.797 Coria, J., & Calfucura, E. (2012). Ecotourism and the development of indigenous communities: The good, the bad, and the ugly. Ecological Economics, 73, 47–55. doi:10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.10.024 Garrod, B. (2003). Local Participation in the Planning and Management of Ecotourism: A Revised Model Approach. Journal of Ecotourism, 2(1), 33–53. doi:10.1080/14724040308668132 Jones, S. (2005). Community-Based Ecotourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 32(2), 303–324. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2004.06.007 Lima, I. B., & d’ Hauteserre, A.-M. (2011). Community capitals and ecotourism for enhancing Amazonian forest livelihoods. Anatolia, 22(2), 184–203. doi:10.1080/13032917.2011.597933 Scheyvens, R. (1999). Ecotourism and the empowerment of local communities. Tourism Management, 20(2), 245–249. doi:10.1016/S0261-5177(98)00069-7 Stronza, A., & Gordillo, J. (2008). Community views of ecotourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 35(2), 448–468. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2008.01.002 Yacob, M. R., Shuib, A., & Radam, A. (2008). How Much Does Ecotourism Development Contribute to Local  Communities†¯? An Empirical Study in a Small Island. The Icfai Journal of Environmental Economics, VI(2), 54–68. Wearing, S., & Neil, J. (2009). Ecotourism impacts, potentials and possibilities. (2nd ed., pp. 115-136). Oxford, England: Butterworth-Heinemann.

Different Leadership Styles used in The Public Services Essay

A leadership style is the manner and approach of providing direction for a team, implementing plans and motivating people to complete a task. The different types of leaderships used in the public services are – Authoritarian- Autocratic Leadership is a leadership style characterized by individual control over all decisions and little input from group members. Autocratic leaders typically make choices based on their own ideas and judgments and rarely accept advice from followers no matter how it may benefit the group. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Authoritarian Leadership style? The advantages of Authoritarian Leadership Style are that it maintains order and discipline to all team members. It allows the public services to be deployed on time, quickly and efficiently and leaves the public happy. Young and inexperienced recruits will be told what to do and when to do it; this allows them to learn better and efficiently. It allows large scale coordination with other shifts or units ensures that decisions are made by those who are best equipped to make the decisions. This makes the decisions to be made very quickly. The disadvantages of Authoritarian Leadership Style are that it can lead to high staff turnover and regularly not turning up to work. This is because the staff may feel devalued and fearful of punishment. The team members rely on the leader for instructions and do not develop initiative, the team may have less responsibility for their own actions. Due to feeling feared this will make the staff to feel angry and resentful at being ordered to perform t asks without the explanations needed. What are the Strength and Weaknesses of Authoritarian Leadership Style? The Strengths of Autocratic Leadership Style are that they have improbable efficient choices made instantly. They get their work done as efficient and quick as possible. Their weaknesses are that some team members are not up to doing work as quick as they should and often leads to high levels of absenteeism and a large amount of staff leaving their workplace. In conclusion Autocratic Leadership Style is effective in the public services because all public individuals are happy and satisfied with the public services effort. All team members are disciplined to maintain that the team’s performance and the quality of team work are done professionally and efficiently. I like that  this type of leadership goes by their own turf and create ideas them self that will benefit their team. Their choices are made instantly and the public services officers are deployed as soon as an emergency has been informed by a member of the public. An example of Authoritarian Leadership Style- This Type of leadership is used in the public services, the main example that it is used for is if you are in the army. For example if you were fighting for your country in the Army and you got told to ‘get down’ then you will have to get down, or you could get shot. This type of leadership is used in most regiments of the army this is because you get told what to do and where to go most of the time. Another example is in nursing, for an example a patient has a cardiac carets a particular nurse will shout out for other nurses and doctors to go get one thing and another to do something else, it is very effective in many ways such as no one is running about asking what they are meant to be doing. Democratic- Democratic Leadership Style is an open and collegial leadership style where ideas between the leaders and the subordinates flow freely as the discussions are held in an open manner and where all members’ opinions are respected. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Democratic Leadership? The advantages of Democratic Leadership Style are that workers develop a greater sense of self-esteem, due to importance given to their ideas and their contributions. They will become committed to changes that may be brought about by policy changes, since they themselves participate in bringing about these changes. It’s often participative and involves employees in the decision making process. Being a leader will give you great confidence, cooperation, and loyalty amongst other workers. Active participation in the management by labour assures rising productivity and satisfaction. The disadvantage of Democratic Leadership Style is that it is a time consuming progress of decision making, in case of uneducated or unskilled worker, it is not very effective. Having evasive members, who prefers not to be involved in the team work and this may create problems with all the members. Due to the lack of communication by all members of the  team, some importance suggestions will be unhe ard, or missed. What are the Strength and Weaknesses of Democratic Leadership Style? The Strengths of Democratic Leadership Styles are that all team members have high job satisfaction and they are more productive as they are more involved in decision making. All team members are motivated by other team members and leaders. The weaknesses are that decision making can be a time consuming procedure. Some team members may not have the knowledge to provide the high-quality input that is expected. In conclusion Democratic Leadership is a style that is extremely effective in the public services, this is because there is one leader leading everyone else and making sure their jobs are done properly. They have a lot of time on their hands to come up with decisions and they make sure unskilled and uneducated workers get the chance to do work and get involved with other successful team members. Being a democratic leader will give you excellent confidents, cooperation and loyalty amongst other workers, this means that each and every team member can trust and follow the leader wit h confidents and hope to get their work done effectively. An example of Democratic Leadership style- An example of Democratic Leadership Style is used in the Hospital, such as if there are any patients there and that they are needing medical attention but the nurses are unsure on how to treat the patient they will discuss on what is best for the patient on what needs they will need and who will be the best to be dealing with the patient. Also it is used in the police services, if the police are dealing with a case they would come together to discuss on how to deal with it and to see who is more capable on dealing and doing the job most successfully. Laissez-faire- Laissez-faire leadership is a specific type of leadership style. It is also known as delegate leadership and is a leadership style where leaders allow group members to make many of the decisions. What are the advantages and disadvantages of Laissez-faire leadership style? The advantages of Laissez-Faire Leadership Style are that the leader itself will not be given work to do; this could encourage others into leadership roles. This allows  the visionary worker to have an opportunity to do what they want to do, with no interferences. With Laissez-fair leadership, the group gets very little, or no guidance from the leaders. This gives members of the group complete freedom to make decisions on their own. The Disadvantages of Laissez-Faire Leadership Style are that some jobs will fall back on someone else or are not completed to the full expected standard. This type of leadership has been proven that generates a very low amount of production among its group members, this means that there is less group satisfaction, less group productivity, poorer quality of work and less personal growth by the members of the team. What are the Strength and Weaknesses of Laissez-Faire Leadership Style? The Strengths in Laissez-Faire Leadership Styles are that they give each team members complete freedom on group decisions. The leaders infrequently make any suggestions on decisions to let the team members have a free mind on their thoughts. Although Laissez-Faire leaders are happy to help any individuals they only do so when they are asked by team members. The weaknesses are that they are too laid back; this will make the team members feel like they are not being managed in any way. The leaders expect team members to have freedom to think and to have ‘expert knowledge’ on what they are doing as they don’t lead in anyway. In conclusion Laissez-Faire Leadership style is effective An example of Laissez-Faire Leadership style- For an example, if you were to work in the public services and there was a murder investigation, FBI are sent to the scene of the crime, they would know what to do and then they are then able to be left there to do their job without any supervision needed. The leaders role is to be able to trust their team members to get their tasks done at good standards, for another example, in the army the leader will say to the squad to go and set up the camp in a particular location, after the team will go and do that without any hesitation and without any supervision by the leader. Transactional- Transactional leadership is a very direct style of leadership and uses rewards and punishments to motivate the team. What are the advantages and disadvantages in Transactional Leadership Style? The advantages of  Transactional Leadership Style are that the leader actively monitors the work and each individual’s from performance. All team members are motivated by being rewarded for exceeding expectations and excellent standard work. There is a clear chain of command. Formal systems of discipline are in place, if any team members are doing something wrong they will know that they have and will be told about it. The team is fully accountable for its actions and will be sanctioned for their failure. The disadvantages of Transactional Leadership Style tend to be action oriented and they will focus mainly on short term tasks. Some team members may not get a job satisfaction because of the reward and punishment ethos. It has serious limitations of knowledge-based or creative work but remains a common style in many organisations. All team members have to do exactly what the managers tell them to do and they have no authority. What are the Strength and Weaknesses of Transactional Leadership Style? The strengths of Transactional Leadership Style are that if the team members finished their work to the expected standards they will be salaried or rewarded for their good work and effort. Transactional leadership will lead and tell their team members what they expect from them and lead them to do their given tasks. Their weaknesses of transactional leadership are that if the team members do not complete their work to the expected standards they will be punished, their punishment could be such as, lower payment, extra tasks, or you could even lose your job. This will make it harder for team members to be open minded as the fear of doing something that they are not meant to be doing and being punished. In overall conclusion Transactional leadership is effective but not as effective as the other styles; this is because being punished for simple mistakes is a weak way to motivate team members. In my opinion the only place this style would be effective in is the army. Army is disciplinar y. If team members keep getting punished for mistakes they are most likely going to walk out and go somewhere else which is not very good for the leaders. It is effective if you are rewarding them for good work as this will boost their confidents and make them want to get a reward instead of a harsh punishment. An example of Transactional Leadership Style- Transactional leaders could be found within public services where people are  given rewards such as bonuses, training or time off if they show a good demonstration and excellent work. For an example if a worker needs time off to do training for a new task they could have the time off for good work and do their training that is needed. For an example, in the army if a soldier does not do as it’s told they would be punished, the leader will make them all do exercise as a punishment. You will see that the leader will either tell the whole team or the individual to drop down and do a hundred push ups. The leaders see this as a discipline role to keep punishing them if they do something out of place or wrong as it teaches them not to do it again. Transformational- Transformational Leadership Style is a form of leadership style that focuses on team performance as a whole by encouraging team members to think of the group rather than themselves. It is about moving forward as a team rather than individuals who just happened to be on the same project. What are the advantage and disadvantages of Transformational Leadership Style? The advantages of Transformational Leadership Style are that people will follow transformational leaders because of their passion, energy, commitment and enthusiasm for the team and their vision; they spend time teaching and coaching the team, they belief in others and themselves, they add value to the organisation through their vision and enthusiasm and they care about their team and work hard to motivate them-this reduces stress levels and increase well-being. The disadvantages of Transformational Leadership Style are that the team may not share the same vision if they are not convinced by other ideas and plans. If any team members do not believe that they will succeed then they will lack effort and ultimately give up and leave. Followers need to have strong sense of purpose if they are to be motivated to act.The leaders will believe that their visions are right when really sometimes they are not. Large amounts of relentless enthusiasm can wear out the team. Leaders tend to see a big picture but not the details they need to know, the leaders may become frustrated if transformation is not taking place. What are the Strength and Weaknesses of Transformational Leadership Style? The strengths of Transformational Leadership Style are that they are hand’s on with all team members. They spend more time cooperating to each  individuals of the team. The leaders motivate the team members by their efforts and enthusiasm. This will give the team members a ‘team’ feeling as a replacement of being informed what to do. The weaknesses that may appear are that they may feel that they are given excessive amount support and that the team members are not working by their own mind. As ideas are flying around by each person in the team, everyone is involved and not giving every individual the chance to give their opinions for their own work. An example of Transformational Leadership Style- For an example in the police the leader inspires the team to help make the world a better place, so the leaders role is to do the task so their team know exactly what the standard of work that will need to be done and correctly. You would be able to see this leadership style in the hospital, for an example, if a new team of trainees come in a hospital to learn and to experience their job. The teacher will show them how it’s done and let them do it after showing them, this is because you’re dealing with others life’s and its important that they do their job well. In conclusion Transformational leadership style is an effective leadership style, for the reason that the leaders show so much passion and commitment towards the whole team with great enthusiasm. This encourages individuals in the team to follow the leader and try and aim towards their standard of work. Each and every leader works hard to motivate the team into working hard to reach for what they are aime d for. The leaders are more on board with every team members and they take time into helping all team members, this is so all team members know exactly what they are doing in their own tasks. Bureaucratic- Bureaucratic Leadership is a style of leadership that focuses on rules and procedures to manage teams and projects. What are the advantage and disadvantages of Bureaucratic Leadership Style? The advantages of Bureaucratic Leadership Style are that they focus mainly on following a predefined set of standards or rules of governance and management. Bureaucratic leadership asks team members to understand and follow certain standards to procedures’. Team members are asked to repeat certain tasks for an example, on a production line. A Bureaucratic team can work extremely  well if they are a well motivated team and a well defined procedures. The disadvantages of Bureaucratic Leadership Style are that if a work habit has been formed that are unproductive, they can be very hard to break and replace with new procedures and this can alienate and de-motivate a workforce. Team members will lack their work effort and this will make it harder for all the team members to motivate each other and the lack of motivation can lead to poorly defined managerial structures. What are the Strength and Weaknesses of Bureaucratic Leadership Style? The strengths of Bureaucratic Leadership Style they make sure that each team members are obeying and respecting the procedures, most of the time for their own safety. This leadership style has a tendency to work well in a manufacturing environment. The weaknesses are that they do the similar work each day; this can be very hard and tedious for some individuals in the team that likes to be imaginative and original in their work. In conclusion Bureaucratic leadership style is an effective leadership style my reasons are that each team members are well taught to know what they are doing in their tasks and being able to remember what they are doing as they are told to repeat their work again, this is so each team member are able to remember what they learnt. As well this could waste time as their work are being repeated and they are wasting time on what they have done in the past instead of forwarding into new work to be working on as a team. An example of Bureaucratic Style- For an example this type of Leadership Style is used in the police force. If a police officer goes out on patrol on their own most of their time without a leader accompanying them, the policies and procedures’ are set out so the officers will know exactly what they can or cannot do. For another example in most public services all new recruits do the same test across that public service in the police everyone needs to complete a bleep test to a standard. People-orientated- People-orientated Leadership Style focuses on participation of all team members, clear communication and supporting and developing the individual in order to improve skills. What are the advantage and disadvantages of People-orientated Leadership Style? The advantages of People Orientated  Leadership Style are that they often energize team members. All team members will feel empowered and meaningful, and feel that their job satisfaction levels will rise. All team members will feel that they have a ‘say’ in all decision making and that their work place efficiency. All team members will be encouraged with feed back and ideas on how to improve their work. The leaders will often develop a much better understanding of their team, work place conditions and team members will receive honest opinions on their work by allowing them to understand what will be a good or not and to be able to get a better standard work. The disadvantages of People-Orientated Leadership Styles are similar to the advantages. If team members are given too much responsibilities without management guidance, their decision making duties can become very overwhelming and can become very stressful, which may lead to lack of team work and will lack the effo rt to complete given tasks to the full requirements. What are the Strength and Weaknesses of People-Orientated Leadership Style? T he strengths of People-Orientated Leadership Style are that they encourage each team members to voice their views out to people to get response comments. Team members are given tasks based on their own skills and interests that inspire them to work that bit harder; this will make the work environment much more pleasant and more motivating for each team member. The weaknesses are that they are not managed on their given tasks and this will make it harder for the team to complete their work to its full standards expected. In Conclusion An example of People-orientated l Style- For an Example, if you were to work at a care home and you were to have responsibilities or having to pick up your sick child up from school, you would be let to go home and someone else taking your place as you have responsibilities, where some don’t. If you had to be home for your children after school and had no one to look after them then you would have to go home and take care of them. Task-orientated- Task-Orientated Leadership Style is about getting the job done. The completion of the task rather than the needs of the team are the key goal. What are the advantage and disadvantages of Task-orientated Leadership  Style? The advantages of Task-Orientated Leadership Styles are that leaders communicate together to know where they want to take their companies to. The leaders organise certain tasks for each individual team members and ensuring that they have a clear understanding on their set tasks. Task orientated leadership style is a very well suited to structure work environments’ such as law enforcements and manufacturing assembly lines, in which repeating well-defined process usually result in consistently high levels of productivity and the quality of the work. The disadvantages of Task-Orientated Leadership Styles are that the team members are afraid to break rules, taking risks, this will lead to missing good opportunities and they will lack creativity this will result to going elsewhere to have better options and opportunities to do what they would like and to be happy with. To encourage creativity leaders should learn to say no to the people who mostly expect a yes, this is because cons tructive conflict leads to creative engagement, and this leads to a competitive opportunity between others. What are the Strength and Weaknesses of Task-Orientated Leadership Style? The strengths of Task-Orientated Leadership Style are that they certify that each individual has a clear understanding on what they are doing for their roles. Leaders will correspond with each individual to see where they are at on their tasks and to see if they are in need of any help to understand clearly on what they are doing. The weaknesses are that the leaders make the team members feel anxious to break any rules in the work place; due to this individual will not take any risks on their work to make their work a little bit more exiting and creative and they will stick to basic work, and this will be less creative to go that one step further in their tasks. An example of Task-orientated Style- Task-Orientated Leadership Style focuses on getting the job/tasks done and not worrying about anything else around them that are needed or happening around them. For an example you may find this in the fire services, they will focus on getting the fire out and saving lives on the job, it does not matter to them what they destroy during the process to get the job done, because their job is to concentrate 100% on the task and block any other problems out. Similarities and Differences Describing the similarities and differences in the different leadership styles used by the public services. Authoritarian and Task-Orientated Leadership Style This Authoritarian Leadership Style is quite similar to the Task Orientated Leadership Style in the way that the leaders are the only people who put input, this doesn’t create a team sense and can lead to little morale, and nonetheless it is an effective way in most circumstances. At the end of the day authoritarian leadership style can be one of the most beneficial styles, as it gets the job finished and finalized. The leader uses his authority’s power to instruct the team, and they learn to do what the leader says immediately. This style would be ineffective in a situation when the team are arranging out a situation, as more ideas would be better than just what the leader thinks on its own. Democratic and People-Orientated Leadership Style Democratic Leadership Style is very similar to The People Orientated Leadership Style in the way that both leaders take the team members opinions and give thought to their ideas, this can be very successful in many situations as 2 heads are better than 1 in the end of the day. Democratic Leadership Style can be a very effective leadership style in many situations where the team are planning out a situation; each individual of the team can put in input to make the action as effective as possible. This type of leadership style would not be used if they were in a situation such as putting out a fire; this is because you will need quick responds and action for that type of situation. Laissez-faire and Bureaucratic Leadership Style Laissez-faire Leadership Style is very different compared to the Bureaucratic Leadership Style this is because the Laissez-faire leader doesn’t get involved in any team discussions; they don’t put in any effort or input with their team. Whereas Bureaucratic leader will take control and puts in the most of the input to make the situation a lot better, both styles require the team to be on the ball all the time, but in different styles. In conclusion this can be an effective style in situations whereas the team is  experienced and hardworking where the leader has trust that they will complete the task on time and in expecting good standards, this is not always effective as the team has no management or help given to team members, so they must know exactly what they are doing. Transactional and Transformational Leadership Style Transactional Leadership Style is very much different to Transformational Leadership Style because a Transformational leader are incredibly encouraging and use words to make the team stronger, Whereas Transactional leader is a very harsh non-team based leader, who uses actions to make the team stronger. Both can be effective but in different situations. In my opinion I do not prefer this type of style as I would not see it as effective as the other styles, but it is very effective in training methods such as the army for an example and other disciplinary public services. It makes the individuals mentally and physically stronger as it encourages the individuals to work for what they want. Which Leadership Style is the most effective? In my personal opinion I think that the Autocratic, Democratic and Transformational Leadership Styles are the most effective this is because all three leadership styles have the most power and best outcomes by all individuals from each team. The Reason I chose Autocratic Leadership Style is because this type of leadership style leaves all public individuals happy and satisfied with the public services effort. All team members are disciplined to maintain that the team’s performance and the quality of team work are done professionally and efficiently. I like that this type of leadership goes by their own turf and create ideas them self that will benefit their team. Their choices are made instantly and the public services officers are deployed as soon as an emergency has been informed by a member of the public. Democratic Leadership is another style I think that is effective in the public services, my reasons for this is because there is one leader leading everyone else and makin g sure their jobs are done properly. They have a lot of time on their hands to come up with decisions and they make sure unskilled and uneducated workers get the chance to do work and get involved with different successful team members. Being a  democratic leader gives you excellent confidents, cooperation and loyalty amongst other workers, this means that each and every team member can trust and follow the leader with confidents and high hopes to get their work done properly and effectively. Another leadership that I personally think that is effective in the public services is the Transformational leadership style. The reason I say this is because the leaders show so much passion and commitment towards the team with great enthusiasm. This encourages the team members to follow the leader and try and aim towards their standard of work. All leaders work hard to motivate the team into working hard to get what they are aimed for. The leaders are more on boards with all team members and they take time into helping all team members, this is so all team members know exactly what they are doing in their tasks. My final decisions on which style is the most effective is the Autocratic Leadership Style as they are more outgo ing and has the most effect on the public and they are extremely hands on and getting their task done as soon as they are set out on the table.